It Tastes Bitter, Yet It Saves You

Hello!

Welcome to my blog,

Truthfully, I wanna welcome myself back, since it's been almost 2 years I have posted nothing here.

However today, I have something to share to you, let's say this is a good news.

As we've known, from the early 2020 up till now, global people are shaken by the spread of new virus, called as Sars-CoV-2, which afterward the infected patients will suffer from COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 19). Sars-CoV-2 was firstly discovered from a laboratory in China, and declared to have similarities with corona virus in bats. Furthermore, Sars-CoV-2 is pretty similar to other corona viruses, which thereafter Sars-CoV-2 is considered to likely have similar mechanisms in infecting human bodies. Sars-CoV-2 infects human body through binding mechanism with ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2), which are mostly found in throat and lungs. 

thejakartapost.com

Patients suffered from COVID-19 have symptoms; such as cough, fever, fatigue, and even respiratory system disorder, comma, and death (if patients are not immediately treated). Though, Sars-CoV-2 has spread over many countries, no registered drugs or vaccines are available to specifically treat patients with COVID-19. Most of drugs given to patients are antiviral, or patients are treated with oxygen therapy. However, those drugs are majorly chemical, which probably possess side effects if consumed inappropriately. Thus, herbs can be alternatives to enhance people's immune to prevent getting infected from Sars-CoV-2.

One of herbs that has been researched to own an immunomodulatory effect is Tinospora cordifolia, or in bahasa Indonesia we often hear as "Bratawali" / "Brotowali". Tinospora cordifolia often grows in tropical and sub-tropical area, its stem can be up to 2.5m tall, has heart-shaped leaves, yellowish green flowers, and green fruits. As what has been researched, both water and methanol extracts from Tinospora cordifolia's roots and stems can increase the secretion of cytokines, which in result improving the activity of macrophages to maintain immune system through phagocytosis mechanism. 

ringtimesbanyuwangi.com

When viruses are infecting human cells, the viruses will transfer its RNAs into human cells to replicate themselves. As they have replicated, their number is increasing, and will disturb human's immune system. The immune cells will bind themselves with the viruses to make complexes. When these complexes happen, the body will start showing symptoms as the result of getting infected by viruses. Nevertheless, consuming either water / methanol extract from Tinospora cordifolia, human body is capable of producing more immune cells to fight against the viruses. Tinospora cordifolia's extract will help secrete more cytokines to produce higher amount of macrophages. These macrophages function to bind with viruses, instead the viruses bind with human cells. Therefore, the more macrophage-virus complexes happen, the less immune cell-virus complexes appear, as the result the less likely the body gets infected by the virus.

Though consuming either water or methanol extract of Tinospora cordifolia may help prevent against getting infected by virus, still health protocols are necessarily to be implemented in daily activities; such as using a face mask (and face shield), frequently washing hands, and doing social distancing while in public places. Also, maintaining body health is a must, as well, by consuming balanced and healthy diets, getting a sufficient rest, regularly exercising. 

Despite the bitterness of extract of Tinospora cordifolia, its immunomodulatory activity is a thing we recently require to keep and stay healthy.

References :

Alsuhaibaini, Sultan and Masood A. Khan. 2017. "Immune-Stimulatory and Therapeutic Activity of Tinospora cordifolia : Double-edged Sword against Salmonellosis". Journal of Immunology Research, vol. 2017.

Dissanayake, K. G. C., et al. 2020. "Immunomodulatory Efficiency of Tinospora cordifolia against Viral Infections". World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, vol. 6 (5) : 22 - 28.

He, Jiahua, et al. 2020. "Molecular Mechanisms of Evolution and Human Infection with SARS-CoV-2". Viruses, vol. 12 (428).

Wiratno, et al. 2019. "Pemanfaatan Brotowali (Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f & Thomson) Sebagai Pestisida Nabati". Perspektif, vol. 18 (1) : 28 - 39.

Zheng, Jun. 2020. "SARS-CoV-2 : an Emerging Coronavirus that Causes a Global Threat". International Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 16 : 1678 - 1685.

Six-Legged One, Please

Hi!

Am I back too quickly ?

Yes I am, because I have something novel to share!

You may find this post is unbelievable, yet it's true that the world starts embracing a new sort of food source. This can be a no way for certain people. Nevertheless, this is what our future is facing as we need to eat every day regularly. Probably, some countries are common with what I'm going to share today, because it is massively produced even every single day. On the other hand, some countries would think it is something not worth consuming.

Today, I'm talking about insects as our future food prospects

offgridweb.com

As I have said before, some parts of the globe have already been common to consume insects. Whereas, some other think that consuming insect is a taboo activity. This eating-insect activity is usually called entomophagy. First thing first, I'd like to define what insects are. Insects are a class of animals, categorized in the arthropod group that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and two antennae. Insects have existed since millennia ago and been helpful for human as they produce some valuable products for human's life, for example honey (from bees), silk (from silk worm), carmine (color additive from Hemiptera bugs), and some medical remedies. 

According from Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), there are some major groups of insects that are used to be consumed, e.g. Beetles (31%); Caterpillar (18%); Bees, Wasps, and Ants (14%); Grasshoppers, Locusts, and Crickets (13%); and some other more. Only few documents have successfully reported the countries that have consumed insects long time ago. People in Republic of Congo consume caterpillars during rainy season, in which caterpillars play essential role to maintain food security as fish and game are hardly to hunt. Moving to Asia, especially South-East Asia, people of Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam are used to consume insects as they can collect the insects throughout the year from a various range of habitats. Last but not least, let's fly to Latin America, where people there have deep knowledge about insects, of which they believe that insects have particular connection with natural phenomena. In Mexico, chapulines are harvested in rainy season; in Columbian Amazon, snout beetle are hunted during rainy season; and in Ecuadorian highlands, Platycoelia lutescens beetle are available in markets during winter. 

thegatewaybug.com

Now, let's take a look on how nutritious insects are. Most nutrients found in insects are protein, fats, and fiber. Nonetheless, the amount of nutrition happen to be in insects are various based on their habitats, feeds, and some are related to their metamorphosis steps. 

1. Proteins

Protein contained in insects can be in a range of 7 - 48 g (/100g fresh weight), depending on species and their morphology. While, fish and cattle have around 13 - 28 g (/100g fresh weight) of protein. This means, that insect can be a complementary protein source when including animal source protein. 

2. Fats

Insects are good sources of essential fatty acids, such as linoleic and α-linolenic acids. Overall, insects may contain approximately 9 - 67% of fats (% of dry matter), which most of them are mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. 

3. Minerals and Vitamins

Some minerals, like potassium and sodium can occur in high amount in insects. Moreover, zinc and iron are present as minor minerals, yet can cover the recommended dietary allowances. Meanwhile for vitamins, insects are rich in vitamin B complex, e.g. thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), and cobalamin (B12).

4. Fiber

Fiber source found in insects is due to its chitinous exoskeleton, which chitin is recognized as crude fiber. This fiber is approximately 2.7 - 49.8 mg (/kg fresh weight).

thegatewaybug.com

I do want to share more about these insects, yet I think it's quite enough for now.

I don't want to make a very long post, because this should be a fun reading and learning, not something so boring with many texts appear on your screen.

I hope this is meaningful to you, and see you in my next post!

Reference :

Arnold van Huis, et al. 2013. Edible Insects : Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security. Rome : Food and Agricultural Organization of  The United Nations.

Korean Again ? Yes Way !

Good morning, friends !

I feel sorry that I have posted nothing since approximately 3 months ago

No matter what happened, I'm back !

Today's post, I'd like to share to you about my Korean lunch again.

This dish is quite famous in its origin country, it's spicy, hot, and a bit fishy (?) 

You must've bet what kind of cuisine this is, must you not ?

...and by the way, I made this by myself again, with a handful assistance from my little sister.

You are right,

Today's menu is Jjampong!

Jjampong is a spicy seafood stew. Koreans usually serve it with noodle, but in my version, I eat it with rice, instead. Thus, you will not see any kinds of noodles appear on my grocery list... hahaha.

Let's start to cook!

First thing first, I'm showing you every ingredients you need to make Jjampong

I. Ingredients

- Any kind of sea products (e.g. shrimps, squids, mussels, clams, crabs, scallops). Mine used peeled squids and clams. I peeled 4 to 5 squids, so they look white and clean. Also, I pre-boiled around 1 pound of clams within salted water for 15 minutes, that helps shorten cooking time thereafter.

II. Seasonings

- 4 to 5 red chilies, slice in big chunks

- 1 medium tomatoes, cut into 12 slices

- 2 pieces of bay leaves

- 5 cloves of garlic, thinly slice them

- 1 small lemon grass

- 2 to 3 green onions, chop them to small pieces

- 2 tablespoons of soy sauce (salted)

- Salt and sugar

- Gochujang (Korean red chili paste)

III. Procedure

- Prepare all of those ingredients and seasonings

- Pour 2 or 3 tablespoons of cooking oil, let it heat up for a minute

- Add garlic and chilies to cooking oil, stir fry them until the garlic is a bit brown

- Add tomatoes, lemon grass, and bay leaves. Let them sit for a couple of minutes, wait until the tomatoes and bay leaves turn a little withered. 

- After those ingredients are evenly cooked, put all the squids and clams together. Mix all in there together, the squids and clams have to absorb all of the flavor from the ingredients added. 

- When the squids start to feel a bit dense, add some water and get it simmered.

- If you see bubbles start coming up from the bottom of the pan, add around 1 and a half tablespoons of gochujang (Korean red chili paste)

- Stir them all for a while, and last but not least, sprinkle some of green onions. Don't forget to turn off the stove, afterward.

- That's it, Jjampong is ready to serve !

This is how my Jjampong look like

For your information only : If you would rather eat Jjampong with noodles, you may add the noodles right before you turn off the stove. It is when all the ingredients are actually well cooked, then you add the noodles, let it there for a couple of minutes to soften and stir them all. This way, your noodle is not going to be over cooked and mushy. And yes, if you prefer more spicy taste, you can either add red chilies or gochujang to your Jjampong. It's up to your palate.

All right, I think that's my recipe for today.

Please, tell me if you try it at home, and share some of your kitchen stories.

See you next time, friends!

Roll, Roll, Roll Your Meat !

Welcome back to my blog, readers!

Today, I want to share you another of my recipes

This recipe is considered easy, yet requires a skillful folding and rolling job.

However, once you made this recipe, you can thereafter cook many dishes as you like.

This recipe is called Wonton.

I think many of you are familiar with Wonton, aren't you ? Yes, it can be easily found in Chinese restaurant, specifically in Dim Sum lists. 

Some think that making Wonton is not as simple as it looks, it needs a special skill to fold the Wonton skin while not breaking it, so the filling won't fall off. In my opinion, that's definitely correct, because the Wonton skin has to be able to keep the filling inside, as well as folding and rolling it so that the Wonton looks appetizing. Whereas, you do not need to worry guys, I'm about to share my recipe that might work for you.

Get ready!

Set those kitchen wares! and Go!

FILLING

I. Ingredients

- Ground beef (~500 g)

- Wonton paper (square shape)

II. Seasonings

- Garlic (3 cloves)

- Onion (three fourth part)

- Scallion (2-3 pieces)

- Soy sauce

- Sugar

III. Procedures

- Prepare all the seasonings : mince the onions and garlic; slice the scallions thinly.

Scallions (left) & Garlic and Onion (right)
Taken by me myself

- Grind the beef, if you have it remains in big chunks. Otherwise, you can buy the ground one. I was using chunk beef that I had to cut them into small chunks and grind them first.

Small chunk beef
Taken by me myself

Ground beef
Taken by me myself

- Add the scallions, garlic, and onions to the beef. Mix them well together. Also, add 2 tablespoons of soy sauce and 1 tablespoon of sugar (however, you may adjust the soy sauce and sugar by yourself). Make sure that all of the components are well mixed.

- The filling is ready. You can use it right after it's ready. Or, you can put it in a airtight container and reserve it in a freezer until you are ready to make the Wonton.

WONTON MAKING

I. Procedures

- Prepare everything : filling and wonton papers (wonton sheets), and some water for glue.

- Lay one sheet of wonton paper on a dry surface. Check the paper whether there is a hole or broken part or not.

Wonton paper
Taken by me myself

- Put the filling right in the middle of wonton paper. It's around 2 teaspoons of filling for 8 x 8 cm square shape wonton paper.

Taken by me myself

- Now, get ready to fold and roll! Firstly, spread some water on top side of the wonton paper as glue. Next, take the bottom side and fold it to the top side, and stick them together. You will get a rectangle shape of it. Make sure that the filling keeps in the middle of the wonton paper and fully covered.

Taken by me myself

- After you have that rectangle shape of wonton paper, press the top, left, and right sides so that they stick along and seal the filling inside. 

- When you are sure that everything stays in their places, take the rectangle wonton carefully by your hand, get it on a standing position (vertical), and roll it horizontally. The right side will meet the left side, and you are required to glue them together. You will have a flower-like wonton.

Beef Wonton
Taken by me myself

- Last but not least, recheck every sides of the wonton, be assure that there's no holes appears on your wonton, and the filling is completely sealed inside. 

- There you have it, a nice and simple beef wonton ! You may continue folding and rolling until you are out of the filling. If you make a lot of Wontons, you can store them up in an airtight container and put them in a freezer. The freezer will assist to keep the Wontons as separable as possible.

Taken by me myself

For your additional information, you can cook your Wontons by boiling, steaming, or frying them. Please, enjoy your hard work!

OK, that's for today's post.

I hope it might be very helpful to you.

Please, inform me if you are trying this recipe! Hahaha

Thank you, and see you again, readers !

Welcoming Korean to My Kitchen

Hello, readers!

I'm on my plateau of excitement today

...because I'm sharing my lunch menu !

Lunch menu ?

What is so special about my lunch menu ?

For me, it's special because I made this dish by myself, and this was my new recipe.

Can you guess what I made ?

Taken by me myself

It looks spicy because of its red broth. There are many elements that were blended in a big bowl. Can you name it ? It's called "Yukgaejang", or Korean Beef and Vegetables Soup. This was my first time cooking in Korean style, and I'm pretty proud of myself that finally I made it ! 

Enough talking, start sharing!

I'm telling you my recipe, and I hope you'd want to try it on your own version.

I. Ingredients

- Beef (~250g)

- White soft tofu (~100g)

- Napa cabbage / chicory (~50g)

- Noodle (instead of eating it with rice, I used noodle. However, if you'd like to eat with rice, please separate the rice with the soup).

- Nori / Seaweed paper

II. Seasonings

- Garlic (2 big cloves)

- Onion (half of bulb)

- Red chili (I used 3 chilies, but if you're a fan of spicy food, you can add them)

- Hot pepper paste / Gochujang (I used one tablespoon and a half, you can also add up to 2 tablespoons if you can handle more spiciness)

- Soy sauce

- Scallions

- Sugar and Salt

III. Procedures

- Prepare all those ingredients and seasonings before start cooking : Chop the beef into dices or small chunks; cut the tofu in small blocks; cut the Napa cabbage into half and slice it horizontally; mince the garlic and chop the onion; slice those chilies diagonally; and slice the scallions very thinly.

- Two to three tablespoons of cooking oil and heat it up

- Add garlic, onion, and chilies. Stir fry them until the garlic turns to a little bit brown and the onion is slightly translucent. Then, there will be a nice smell around the kitchen (haha!)

- Put the beef in and fry them along with onion, garlic, and chilies. Let the surface of the beef turn into brown. After that, immediately pour some water (300 - 400 ml)

- Bring the beef into boil, and add 1 tablespoon of soy sauce, 1 and a half tablespoons of hot pepper paste. Let it simmer a little longer.

- After it's simmering, add the noodle and wait until it's completely cooked. 

- We are almost finished! Next is put all the tofu and Napa cabbage in. Stir it carefully and get them all mixed thoroughly. Give it a little try, you may add some sugar/salt to adjust the taste.

- Last but not least, sprinkle the scallions upon the boiling soup. And turn of the stove!

- The soup is ready to serve. Serve the soup in a large bowl, and while it's hot, tear up some of Nori and sprinkle them on top of the soup. The Nori will then absorb the soup and become soaked within it.

Here, I show you other pictures of mine

Taken by my myself

Taken by me myself

OK! I think that's all about today's recipe.

Please tell me if you have your mouth water while seeing those pictures, hahaha.

Thank you, and see you around !

Dare to Eat What We Admire ?

Hi!

It's me again.

Today's posting may be familiar to some of you, yet there remains many are not common with what I'm going to share.

First thing first, I'm showing you a picture.

readersdigest.co.uk

What do you think of that picture? Isn't that gorgeous?

That dish is actually an apricot salad with goat cheese on top. Moreover, there's one thing that moves my curiosity, which is the purplish-blue flower on the goat cheese.

It definitely enhances the appearance of the dish, but do you think they are there only for a garnish, or are they edible?

If you are wondering that I'm about to discuss about those flowers whether they are edible, you are 100% correct! Today's topic is about edible flowers. Some people in global often see colorful flowers served along with their meals, yet some others only assume that the flowers are only for decoration. I ask you, if you knew that those flowers are edible, would you eat them, try them at least, or not even at all ?

In fact, edible flowers have been used by old Romans, Chinese, Middle Eastern, and Indian people long time ago. However, its beauty emphasizes towards recent era, which North American and European people are currently attracted to serve edible flowers along with meals. As majority has known, colors in fruits and vegetables indicate the presence of polyphenol or phenolic compounds, and so do colors in edible flowers. Polyphenol or phenolic compounds that are commonly found in edible flowers are anthocyanin, gallic acid, coumaric acid, quercetine, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, any many more. Those phenolic compounds act as antioxidant while being consumed by human. Antioxidants in a body will fight the oxidative substances that will cause deterioration of cells. Furthermore, if antioxidants are present in foods, they will minimize the damage of foods caused by oxidizing agents.

fooducate.com

Guys, you probably often hear some of edible flowers that are common to be added in foods. Those edible flowers are rose, jasmine, rosella, or butterfly-pea flower. We usually find those flowers in like beverages, where the flowers are extracted both their colors and flavors. Otherwise, they are not the only flowers are commonly added to foods, some others are in the picture above, e.g. red clover, dandelion, chamomile, sunflower, lavender, nasturtium, marigold, tulip, and pansy.

Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis) is white-petal flower with yellow center, it has sweet apple-like flavor, it usually blooms in late June. Marigold (Calendula officinalis), it is an annual flower with yellow/orange petals, it has tangery and peppery flavor, it blooms around June to August and likes to grow in cool weather. Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), is purple or pink-petal flower and highly perfume, is has floral fragrance, and tastes very strong depending on the plant. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), it tastes bitter and can only be eaten when cooked properly, it likes to grow in cool weather. Tulips (Tulipa gesneriana), have a weak flavor of sweet and bitter, they come in various colors. Pansy (Viola tricolor), comes in three different colors for each flower, they are blue, orange, and purple; it has mild flavor and is best for salad's garnish. Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) are varied in colors, they are great combined with vinaigrette, butter, and guacamole. Red clover (Trifolium pratense), has a pink petal color, it tastes hay, and can be sprinkled upon salads. And many many more of edible flowers you can choose what you desire to exist in your favorite meals.

bloomifique.com

Picking edible flowers to thereafter be added to food, there are several guidelines you have to follow, so then you don't pick the wrong flowers. Pick the flowers in early day and use them at their peak to gain the best flavor. Never pick the unopened blossoms, because they tend to give bitter taste to your food. Do not use flowers that are sprayed by pesticides/insecticides/fungicides/grown in manure-fertilized soil. And do not collect flowers from florists, garden center, or nurseries, because the flowers are not meant to be consumed. Additionally, not all of us can directly consume edible flowers, because some of edible flowers may cause an allergic to specific persons. Thus, to avoid that allergic reaction, let us try to eat little by little in order to adapt our body from overreacting.
Nevertheless, not all of flowers are edible ! There are some of flowers that are poisonous or contains toxic substances. Those toxic flowers usually contain tripsin inhibitors, hemaglutinnin, oxalic acid, and/or cyanogenic glycosides that are hazardous for human consumption. 

That's all for today,

Now we know, don't we ?

I hope you consider it as useful information.

Thank you, and see you in other time !

References :

Bastin, Sandra. 1997. "Edible Flowers". Cooperative Extention Service. University of Kentucky

Franzen, Felipe de Lima et al. 2018. "Edible Flower Considerations as Ingredients in Food, Medicine, and Cosmetics". Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research, vol 7 (3) : 271 - 273.

Kucekova, Zdenka et al. 2013. "Edible Flowers - Antioxidant Activity and Impact on Cell Viability". Central European Journal of Biology, vol 8 (10) : 1023 - 1031.

Navarro-Gonzales, Inmaculada et al. 2015. "Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Capacity in Edible Flowers : Characterisation of Phenolic Compounds by HPLC-DAD-EDI/MS". International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol 16 : 805 - 822.

Newman, S.E. and A. Stoven O'Connor. 2013. "Edible Flowers". Gardening Series. Colorado State University Extansion.

It Is Smelly, Though!

Hello,

You must've wondered a lot why I haven't posted any yet, mustn't you ?

It's been about 7 months since the last time I posted my previous posting, which was in April.

I'm sorry, during this 7 months I was pretty busy accomplishing my obligatory.

However, now I'm more than available to spoon you up more about foods !

Before I proceed to share today's posting, I'd like to inform you guys that I'm already back in Indonesia! Yes, I eventually am in Indonesia again.

But, it doesn't mean that I'd stop sharing what I found in Sweden. Because today, I want to share something unique about fermented food in Sweden. Do you know what it is ? I bet you may have guessed from the title, may not you ?

Like I said before, I'm gonna share a special food from Sweden.

This is a specific fermented food that is originated in Sweden, and is called Surströmming. 

Surströmming is a fermented herring, originated from 2 words, which are sur (sour / acidic) and strømming (a local name for herring fish caught in Baltic sea). According to that origin name, we may infer that Surströmming has sour taste due to the fermentation process.

How does it look like ? Check this out !

mediamatic.net

If you look in the picture above, the herring fish is cut into half and submerged in a cloudy solution. I'm telling you how to make Surströmming, then.

Skåra et al (2015) tried to simply explain how to make Surströmming. First thing first, the Baltic herrings must be caught in around May to early June, when the herring had low level of fat. The herrings are thereafter submerged in saturated salt solution for 1-2 days, the process is called as presalted. Next, all herrings must be deheaded and degutted. After all the herrings are clean, they are put into barrels with weaker salt solution (~17%). The herrings are fermented for 3 to 4 weeks, with occasionally rotated for the first 3 days. The fermentation is done under the temperature of 15 - 18oC. Last but not least, when the fermentation is finished, the Surströmming is transferred to cans together with its brine and sealed.

During the fermentation process, bacteria from Lactobacilli group are the most responsible for the formation of flavor and odor. Protein and fat from herrings are degraded as the fermentation goes on. Not only producing lactic acid, but also some volatile fatty acids are formed due to degradation of fats, such as propionic acid, butyric acid, and acetic acid. Furthermore, hydrogen sulfide is also known to be present in Surströmming. Even better, The Swedish National Food Agency has reported that there are no pathogen bacteria exist in Surströmming, for example Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Clostridium perfringens. This is because of combination effect from high heat treatment (pasteurization) and high salt concentration, which is commonly named as Hurdle concept. 

Surströmming is usually eaten in a special occasion in northern Sweden, called Surströmmings-klämma. Surströmming is served on top of a crispy thin bread and may come with mashed potato, diced onions, and butter. You can see it in the picture below :

hebe.se

surstromming,com

Swede may find this Surströmming is tasteful, but non-Swede may not want to stay close near it. There is known to be a manner to open a can of Surströmming, of which it has to be opened in open-air area, so the smell doesn't haunt anybody inside the house/building. Despite its smelly odor, it's quite nutritious with 11,8% of protein and 3,8% of fat.

I think that's already a long story for today.

I hope you enjoy reading it.

Thank you for visiting my blog, see you in other occasion !

Reference :

Skåra, Torstein et al. 2015. "Fermented and Ripened Fish Products in Northern European Countries". Journal of Ethnic Foods, vol.2 : 18 - 24.